What Affect Prognosis?
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of healing) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of healing) depends on the following:
• The size of the tumor.
• Where is the tumor located in the anus.
• Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
The options (choices) treatment depends on the following:
• Stage of cancer.
• Where is the tumor located in the anus.
• Does the patient have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• Is cancer settled after initial treatment or has come back again.
Determine staging Of Cancer Anal (anal)
Stadium-Stadium of Anal Cancer
After anal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the anus or to other parts of the body.
The process used to find out whether the cancer has spread within the anus or to other parts of the body is called staging. Information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests may be used in the staging process:
• CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The images created by computers that are connected to the x-ray machine. Dye (dye) may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show themselves more clearly. This procedure is called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. For anal cancer, CT scan of the pelvis and abdomen (stomach) may be performed.
• Chest X-rays: X-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. X-ray is a type of energy beam that can pass through the body and over the film, making pictures of areas inside the body.
• Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to reflect sound waves of high-energy (ultrasound) of the internal tissues or organs and make echoes (echoes) . The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.
There are three ways of spreading cancer in the body.
Three ways of spreading cancer in the body are:
• Through its network. Cancer attacks the surrounding normal tissue.
• Through the lymph system. Cancer attacks the lymphatic system and travel through lymph vessels to other places in the body.
• Through blood. Cancer attacked the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.
When the cancer cells apart from the primary tumor (the origin) and walk through the lymph or blood to other places in the body, other tumors (secondary) may be formed. This process is called metastasis. Secondary tumors (metastatic) cancers are the same type as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
The following stages are used for anal cancer:
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
In stage 0, cancer is found only in the innermost lining of the anus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 cancer is also called carcinoma in situ.
Stage I
In stage I, cancer has formed and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller.
Stage II
In stage II, tumors larger than 2 centimeters.
Stage IIIA
In stage IIIA, the tumor may be any size and has spread to:
• lymph nodes near the rectum; or
• adjacent organs, such as the vagina, urethra, and bladder.
Stage IIIB
In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and has spread:
• to the adjacent organs and to lymph nodes near the rectum; or
• to the lymph nodes on one side of the pelvis and / or groin, and may have spread to adjacent organs; or
• to the lymph nodes near the rectum and in the groin, and / or to lymph nodes on both sides of the pelvis and / or groin, and may have spread to adjacent organs.
Stage IV
In stage IV, the tumor may be any size and cancer may have spread to lymph nodes or nearby organs and has spread to distant parts of the body.

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