Researchers at the University of Nottingham have demonstrated the relationship between certain past diagnostic radiation procedures and an increased risk of young-onset prostate cancer – a rare form of prostate cancer which affects about 10 percent of all people diagnosed with the disease.
Research, the first of its kind to report the relationship between low dose ionizing radiation from diagnostic procedures and the risk of prostate cancer, funded by the Prostate Cancer Research Foundation (PCRF) and is part of the UK Genetic Prostate Cancer Study (UKGPCS). The results of this study have been published online in the British Journal of Cancer.
Results showed that men who have a hip or pelvic X-ray or barium enema 10 years previously was two and a half times more likely to develop prostate cancer than the general population. And it seems the link was stronger in men who have a family history of disease.
This research led by Professor Kenneth Muir, from the Division of Epidemiology and Public Health at The University of Nottingham, in association with Dr Rosalind Eeles at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust.
Professor Muir said: “Although these results indicate some increased risk of developing prostate cancer in men who previously had certain radiological medical tests we want to convince people that the absolute risk is small and there is no proof that the radiological tests actually caused one of the cancer.”
Four hundred and thirty one men, diagnosed with young onset prostate cancer – men diagnosed with the disease before age 60 – took part in this study.
Exposure to radiation is a part of normal medical procedures performed in 5, 10 or 20 before the diagnosis. Procedures included hip and leg X-rays, for example taken after the accident, and barium meals and enemas which are used to diagnose problems with the digestive system.
At this stage, the evidence linking diagnostic radiation procedures and prostate cancer is still weak. This study indicates that further investigation into this link should be done.
X-ray procedures used for diagnostic purposes to provide a very small amount of radiation per procedure. Its use is minimized in current medical practice. For most people X-rays do not increase cancer risk.

Sprue is a disease that is not dangerous, just because it is repeated (recurrent) which consequently is very disturbing. To find out the cause better known originators.
But if the sprue is because oral cancer can be very dangerous because it can cause death. In order to avoid the detection of cancer and how early detection need an adequate explanation. You should consult directly with the doctor.
Oral cancers arise due to growth or sores in the mouth that is not lost. Oral cancer includes cancer lips, tongue, cheek, floor of the mouth, soft palate and hard, sinuses, and pharynx (throat), can be life threatening if not diagnosed and treated early.

What Affect Prognosis?
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of healing) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of healing) depends on the following:
• The size of the tumor.
• Where is the tumor located in the anus.
• Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
The options (choices) treatment depends on the following:
• Stage of cancer.
• Where is the tumor located in the anus.
• Does the patient have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• Is cancer settled after initial treatment or has come back again.
Determine staging Of Cancer Anal (anal)
Stadium-Stadium of Anal Cancer
After anal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the anus or to other parts of the body.
The process used to find out whether the cancer has spread within the anus or to other parts of the body is called staging. Information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests may be used in the staging process:
• CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The images created by computers that are connected to the x-ray machine. Dye (dye) may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show themselves more clearly. This procedure is called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. For anal cancer, CT scan of the pelvis and abdomen (stomach) may be performed.
• Chest X-rays: X-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. X-ray is a type of energy beam that can pass through the body and over the film, making pictures of areas inside the body.
• Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to reflect sound waves of high-energy (ultrasound) of the internal tissues or organs and make echoes (echoes) . The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.
There are three ways of spreading cancer in the body.
Three ways of spreading cancer in the body are:
• Through its network. Cancer attacks the surrounding normal tissue.
• Through the lymph system. Cancer attacks the lymphatic system and travel through lymph vessels to other places in the body.
• Through blood. Cancer attacked the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.
When the cancer cells apart from the primary tumor (the origin) and walk through the lymph or blood to other places in the body, other tumors (secondary) may be formed. This process is called metastasis. Secondary tumors (metastatic) cancers are the same type as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
The following stages are used for anal cancer:
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
In stage 0, cancer is found only in the innermost lining of the anus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 cancer is also called carcinoma in situ.
Stage I
In stage I, cancer has formed and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller.
Stage II
In stage II, tumors larger than 2 centimeters.
Stage IIIA
In stage IIIA, the tumor may be any size and has spread to:
• lymph nodes near the rectum; or
• adjacent organs, such as the vagina, urethra, and bladder.
Stage IIIB
In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and has spread:
• to the adjacent organs and to lymph nodes near the rectum; or
• to the lymph nodes on one side of the pelvis and / or groin, and may have spread to adjacent organs; or
• to the lymph nodes near the rectum and in the groin, and / or to lymph nodes on both sides of the pelvis and / or groin, and may have spread to adjacent organs.
Stage IV
In stage IV, the tumor may be any size and cancer may have spread to lymph nodes or nearby organs and has spread to distant parts of the body.

WHO World Health Organization recently warned the danger of radiation from mobile phones which are classified as “very likely risk of cancer.” The agency previously has conducted a review of the effects of electromagnetic waves on human health.
The Declaration is based on evidence in the study of those who use mobile phones extensively. Known, high intensity use of mobile phones resulted in an increased risk of glioma, a malignant form of brain cancer.
Conclusions drawn the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the body under the WHO, applies to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation in general, although most research in this area centered on the mobile phone.
The findings are the culmination of IARC meeting attended by 31 scientists from 14 countries to examine hundreds of previous research results that have been published about the cancer risks posed by electromagnetic fields.
Jonathan Samet, a scientist at the University of Southern California, who led the group stated, “There may be some risk, and therefore we should still look at the relationship between mobile phones and cancer.”
In the field of radio frequency refers to as “possibly carcinogenic”, WHO has put them equal with about 240 other harmful agents, including low-level magnetic fields, powder, and worked as a dry cleaner.
The report found no clear mechanism for waves cause brain tumors. Radiation from mobile phones is too weak to cause cancer by breaking the DNA, which led scientists to look for other causes.
“We found some common thread that tells us how cancer can occur but there are gaps and uncertainties,” said Samet.
Christopher Wild, Director of IARC, said that in view of potential implications for public health, there should be more research on long-term use of mobile phones. “Waiting for the availability of such information, it is important to take pragmatic steps to reduce exposure, such as hands-free device or an SMS,” he said.

Leukemia is cancer that occurs in human blood cells. To find out about the leukemia, we must recognize first blood cells of normal and what happens if exposed to leukemia. Human blood consists of liquid called blood plasma, and three groups of blood cells. Groups of blood cells were differentiated into red blood cells, white blood cells, and pieces of blood.
White blood cells or leukocytes serves to protect the body against infection or other disease attack. Red blood cells or erythrocytes serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues, and carry carbon dioxide from body tissues back to the lungs. The fragments of blood or platelets is important in blood clotting process.
When leukemia occurs, the body produces blood cells are abnormal and in large numbers. In leukemia, abnormal blood cells are white blood cell group. Blood cells which develop leukemia will be very different from normal blood cells, and unable to function like normal blood cells.
The cause of leukemia so far not known. However much research done to solve this problem. Several studies have shown that leukemia is more frequently attacked the men than women, and also in the group of whites compared with blacks. But until now has not known why it happens.
Some of the things alleged to be causes of leukemia such as the body often exposed to certain chemicals, radiation, and drugs (such as in cancer treatment), or because of abnormal chromosomes (as in Down syndrome). These materials can cause mutations and ultimately will affect the growth or white blood cell division process.
Symptoms of leukemia is usually characterized by anemia. Infection will be easy or often occurs because white blood cells can not function properly, pain or pain in the bones, and bleeding that often occurs because the blood is difficult to freeze. If not treated, it will lead to acute leukemia and eventually can cause death.
Treatment of leukemia may include chemotherapy with anticancer drugs, radiation therapy, blood platelets and plasma, and bone marrow transplantation.
source: info-sehat.com
Tues Cause Leukemia Discovered
The team found that both twins had abnormal praleukemia stem cells in their blood. The cell was able to “sleep” in the bone marrow or stem cells develop into leukemia. These results are confirmed by experiments using human umbilical cord cells.
“This research means we can test whether the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children can be attributed to the disappearance and the development of leukemia stem cells,” said Professor Tariq Enver of Molecular Haematology Unit at Oxford University, who led the research. “Starting now, relief efforts can be focused on efforts aimed praleukemia stem cells and cancer stem cells with existing drugs, or are we going to develop.”
Relief efforts that focused, according to Tariq, can avoid the side effects of cancer chemotherapy treatment of painful and sometimes even endanger the patient’s body condition. It is very important because it proved, Olivia, one of the twins who develop leukemia, suffered blindness in one eye due to an infection that can not fight his body during chemotherapy.
Scientists have tracked the possibility of pre-cancerous stem cells was a result of abnormal fusion of two genes that occurs during pregnancy the mother. This fusion produces a hybrid protein, a “mistake” that occurred at random genetic and causes the cell to be infected with leukemia. Genes taken from the twins and then transplanted into laboratory mice that confirm the existence of a direct relationship between genetic malfunctions of these stem cells and leukemia.
UK Donors who fund research, the Leukemia Research and the Medical Research Council, and Great Ormond Street Hospital stated very excited about the discovery and hope that continued research into efforts to prevent and treat disease.

In Indonesia, nasopharyngeal cancer is the most malignant tumors in ENT and is ranked the 5th largest for malignant tumors throughout the body with high mortality rates. The etiology of nasopharyngeal cancer is not known with certainty, allegedly associated with Ebstein Barr virus.
IN cases of nasopharyngeal cancer, the highest incidence found in ethnic Mongoloid. The disease can be of all age groups, the highest in decades 4 and 5. In endemic areas, 60% of patients aged less than 50 years. Comparison of male and female 2:1 to 4:1. At this age they are generally productive, so we need maximum effort to reduce this high mortality rate that is by doing nasopharyngeal cancer diagnosis as early as possible or at an early stage. Early diagnosis will determine the prognosis of the patient or the 5-year survival rate.
Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer are often done too late. This is due dininya atypical symptoms and the hidden location of the nasopharynx. He was hidden behind the nasal cavity and located below the base of the head and associated with many important areas in the brain and neck. Patients are often only came for a treatment after the symptoms appear due to the spread of the tumor as a lump in the neck or neurological disorders. Given the location of the nasopharynx are not easily checked, the patient should consult an expert on them so the diagnosis can be established as early as possible.
Many factors are thought to relate to the incidence of malignant nasopharyngeal tumors, although the exact etiology is unknown. There are allegations of factors that play a role in it is the Epstein Bar virus infection, genetic susceptibility (Mongoloid race) and the environment, including living habits. Neighborhood factors and lifestyle habits, such as wood smoke used for cooking, often in contact with substances that can cause cancer or substances such karsiogenik bensophyrene, chemical gases, smoke, plant, insect repellent smoke, cigarette smoke, nitrosamines found in salted fish.
Symptoms Varies
Early symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer is highly variable and are not typical symptoms of influenza as usual. Complaints that arise depending on the position and the extension of nasopharyngeal tumors, whether grown to estuary fallopian eustachius from ear or nose. Complaints that occur in the ear or nose was unilateral or one sided. Generally, ear disorders appear as early symptoms because tumors originated in the vicinity of the mouth of the fallopian eustachius called rossenmuller fossa tumor where the growth will clog the mouth of the tube. Disorders of the ear, can be a feeling of fullness in the ear, hearing loss, ear buzzing and pain in the ear.
Complaints of nasal obstruction in the form of settled on one side or both nostrils and recurrent bleeding (nosebleeds) or nasal mucus mixed with blood which caused the wall surface of tumor fragile, so easy to bleed in mild irritation. Another complaint form can not smell the smell and nose.
Symptoms that appear on the ears and nose is not a typical symptom of nasopharyngeal cancer, because it is also found in the form of infectious ENT diseases which are already widely known among other middle ear infections, chronic colds, sinusitis and others. Patients often regard this as something that is not dangerous because they do not immediately see a doctor. Instead the patient had gone to the doctor but the doctors diagnose as a chronic runny nose, runny nose usual. But if it is unilateral – occur repeatedly or settled without obvious cause, vigilance against the possibility of nasopharyngeal cancer should be improved especially with a lump in the upper neck.
In addition to symptoms of ear and nose, headache symptoms were also found in early cases. In nasopharyngeal cancer diagnosis needs to be done a series of examination and diagnosis must be confirmed by nasopharyngeal biopsy.
Examination
Examination of rinoskopi posterior nasopharynx using a mirror or with endoscopy. In many ways, endoscope 90% more profitable because it can see the nasopharynx at an early stage to assess the formation of a mild elevation of asymmetry. Because of its uses is to examine more thoroughly the nasopharynx and more detailed, the tool is very useful in early detection of mucosal layer in endemic areas and working in the early detection of a recurrence.
Nasopharyngeal biopsy can be performed with local anesthesia or general anesthesia. A biopsy should be done”avoe.”Furthermore, to ensure nasopharyngeal cancer biopsy tissue pathology examination by an anatomical pathologist.
Then, the current serological introduced as one way for early detection of nasopharyngeal cancer. With the entry of viruses into human cells, the body will form an immunological or immune reaction against antigens in the virus. The investigation of immunological reaction against Epstein Barr virus antigen has been successfully identified several specific antigens found in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
1. Antibodies Ig G and Ig A against Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA). Until recently, the examination titer Ig A – VCA is considered the most specific and sensitive for early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer. This test is also considered the method of choice for the state primary occolt namely the discovery of abnormal condition of the cervical gland enlargement or destruction of the skull base or brain nerve paralysis in the absence of tumor in the nasopharynx.
2. Ig G anti Farly Antigen (FA). For early detection of nasopharyngeal cancer, this test is less sensitive when compared with Ig A – VCA.
3. Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicty (ADCC). ADCC examination to determine the course of the disease and prognosis based on the high and low titer at the time of diagnosis.
As a means of early diagnosis, test A-VCA Ig is the most sensitive test for early detection of nasopharyngeal cancer, but it is advisable to do combinations with Ig G – EA to make it more specific and sensitive. For definite diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer, it remains to be done a biopsy and pathological-anatomical examination, whereas serologic as one of nasopharyngeal cancer early detection guidelines.

Primary bone cancer is cancer that starts in the (network) of bone. Primary bone cancer is rare. Much more common is cancer that starts in other organs, such as the lungs and later metastasis to bone.

There are 3 main types of primary bone cancer, namely:
• Osteosarkoma: developing cartilage
• Chondrosarkoma: begins in the cartilage of patients
• Ewing’s Sarcoma: begins in nerve tissue found in bone marrow.

Bone cancer is usually treated with surgery. In addition, other options include: amputation, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma usually attacks the boys aged between 10-25 years old and believed to be hereditary (genetic).

Osteosarcoma tend to grow at the lower end of the femur, or upper end of humerus or upper end of the shin.
The most common symptom is pain. In line with the growth of tumors, can also be a palpable swelling warm and slightly flushed.

Early signs of this disease may be a broken bone called pathological fractures.
This is because the tumor causes brittle bones.

Osteosarcoma usually be diagnosed by imaging tests such as CT Scan or X-ray bone. This type of bone cancer is usually treated with surgery. If there is a spread, chemotherapy can be done.

Chondrosarkoma
Chondrosarkoma usually cut in the cells of cartilage (cartilage) patients aged over 50 years.

This type of cancer usually grows slowly and often can be cured only by surgery. However, some of which are invasive and easy to spread.

In the case of chondrosarkoma, surgery performed to remove the entire tumor. Bone cancer is usually not react well to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. If the tumor is removed completely, more than 75% of patients survive. Amputation of arm / leg is usually rare.

Ewing Sarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma appear at puberty, when bones grow very fast. Rarely found in children aged less than 10 years.
Ewing sarcoma most often develops in long bones, pelvis, or chest.
Tumors of this type also are invasive, easily spread to organs such as the lungs.

Symptoms are most often complained of pain, fever and sometimes swelling of the bone. Usually, new patients are diagnosed when the cancer has spread.

Bone cancer treatment is often a combination of: surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

YOU certainly have heard a million benefit from a variety of colorful vegetables and good vegetable greens. Baby broccoli, for example, has been shown to protect the body from free radical attack. If you love vegetables, you’ve done the right thing, if not the invention of this Japanese researchers can be your motivation to consume vegetables, especially baby broccoli.

A study in Japan found that consuming 70 grams of baby broccoli every day for 2 months could protect the body against various stomach ailments commonly experienced, such as gastritis, stomach ulcers and even gastric cancer.

Baby broccoli shoots, bright researchers, is rich in sulforaphane, a natural chemical plant that serves trigger production of enzymes in the gut. These enzymes function against free radicals, the chemicals damage DNA and prevent inflammation.

In a study published in the journal Cancer Prevention Researchini, researchers found that consuming 70 grams of baby broccoli each day can help fight off some serious stomach problems.

“We found one food, which if consumed regularly, the potential for addressing the causes of the problem of gastric inflammation and can even help prevent stomach cancer,” says Jed Fahey, a nutritional biochemist from Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Cancer Center at the Chemoprotection
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Sulforaphane, he explained, has long been known as an effective antibiotic against Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that causes gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. However, this is the first experiment that shows the benefits of this substance in humans.

“Tunas broccoli contains sulforaphane levels much higher than mature broccoli,” said Fahey was quoted as saying by Reuters news agency.

In his study, the researchers involved 50 patients who infected Helicobacter pylori. The patients were divided into 2 groups. 25 patients were asked to consume as much as 70 grams of baby broccoli daily for 2 months.
While the other 25 patients were asked to consume alfalfa sprouts that do not contain sulforaphane.

“We know that 2 ounces pork broccoli a day is enough to raise levels of protective enzymes, explained he. In fact, continued Fahey, baby broccoli can reduce the rate of inflammation and peptic ulcer and
cancer.

World Health Organization (WHO) explained her, classified as a carcinogen Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter this can damage the stomach lining.

“Helicobacter pylori can infect billions of people or say half
world population. This species has long been linked denagn stomach ulcers, which often can be cured with antibiotics, “he said.

A chemical expert, Bambang Kuswandi, PhD points out, the number of cancer cases in almost all strata of society, one of which caused a lot of food consumed containing formalin.
“Compared with the 1970’s, now it’s a case of cancer disease is mostly found in the community. It’s  because of a less healthy diet, either because they contain formaldehyde,” he said in Surabaya on Tuesday.
Graduated from “University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology” (UMIST), UK chairman of Pharmaceutical Studies Program, State University of Jember (Unej), suggests that POM Hall commented on the findings of the Center for the noodles and tofu that contain formaldehyde.
Bambang argued, in addition to causing cancer, formalin also cause irritation effects on the body which passed. For example on the skin, respiratory tract or the stomach.
“If it lasts a long time, it can cause cancer. Formalin was` do not be digested so the body reacts. Reactions that could trigger the emergence of cancer, “said the man from Sumenep, Madura.
He argues, have long suspected the existence of formalin on wet noodle product, whereas formalin on instant noodle is a new thing, which was intended as a preservative.
“Even I also never heard of salted fish using formalin. Yet for salted fish was enough to use salt can kill the bacteria or if you can use sugar confectionery products,” he said.
According to him, in addition to formalin, a chemical element that is widely used for food products and usually consumed by children is a dye clothing or other chemicals used on tomatoes mixed with chili which is rotten.
He said, actually very easy to distinguish dyes used clothing to foods, ie the garment dye will stick to the bowl or plate.
“If the use of formalin, is usually a little chewy when eaten. If instant noodles can be eaten raw to start with,” he said.
To reduce the practical use of formaldehyde as well as preservatives and coloring it, then the government should immediately intervene to provide enough knowledge to society.
“All this is usually the government will intervene to take actions if there are cases. For my action agreed, especially for actors who belong to a lot of money and knowledge enough, but the need is awareness,” he said.
According to him, much use of formalin, dyes and other substances in the community, caused by two things, namely because of lack of knowledge and to stay alive amid the current economic crush.
“Public Health in the region must be proactive in providing information to the public. In Pharmacy Unej never entered into counseling about this, but then considered to provoke the public to not buy the merchandise PK-5,” he said.
He said such a negative excesses are difficult to avoid because it is the extent of unhealthy food peredaranan in society. Therefore, local governments need to find the right formula for small traders are not disadvantaged and the user community is also safe.
“It was never any idea of ​​returning to nature, for example to dye using pandan (green) and saffron for yellow. But it is less desirable because it is considered difficult and less interesting in terms of appearance than chemicals,” he said.
In addition, Bambang also asked Balai POM to be proactive to the community and not only do the action. POM must find alternatives to find a cheap material, but still hygienic for the same thing does not happen again.

Dogs are man’s best friend, but do you know if some types of dogs can even detect cancer and epileptic seizures in humans?
An experiment conducted by a team of doctors at Amersham Hospital, UK, proves this. They sent six dogs to sniff urine samples 144 people, 36 of them suffering from bladder cancer. The dogs were then successfully identified the urine samples of cancer patients as much as 41% of the experiments were conducted.
The researchers revealed that the cancer cells leave a particular odor that can smelt by dogs. If the doctor is able to detect chemical compounds in the urine smell out cancer cells, it can be developed a cancer-detection tests that may be easier and cheaper to do. Meanwhile, from another study conducted in Canada against 62 families who keep dogs and have children who suffer from epilepsy, it was revealed that 41% of dogs able to detect and warn the arrival of epileptic seizures.